HIV/AIDS Made In America?

Summary by Steve Meyer 6/1/05

On June 3^rd 2004 A Californian lawyer filed a suit against the U.S. government, claiming that the HIV-AIDS virus is a man made virus developed and manufactured in the United States with the knowledge of the U.S. government.

On June 27^th 2005, Dr. Boyd E Graves[1] will finally present his case, number 02 CV 02396[2], before Judge Jeffrey T. Miller in a San Diego court, claiming that the HIV virus, the virus that causes AIDS, is a virus that was manufactured in American laboratories between 1962 and 1978. On November 27^th. 2004 the Office of the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services granted Dr. Graves sixty days to file suit in the United States federal court against the U.S. government. Graves claims he has hundreds of government documents proving HIV-AIDS was designed as biological ism against African-Americans. His action was initially brought in the U.S. Supreme Court, Case No. 00-9587.[3]

Researchers have long hypothesised that HIV arose as a result of a viral “cross-species jump” from primates to humans. The theory is that, through contact with chimpanzee, possibly through hunting them and eating the meat, humans were exposed to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) which mutated into Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Not everyone agrees with this theory, and recently it has been challenged by Dr. Graves, who believes he has discovered the most terrifying inference about HIV-AIDS. Graves claims it is becoming increasingly clear that this virus was not, as scientists at first thought, passed from chimpanzees to mankind, but was probably knowingly developed by doctors and scientists working for the United States government. Graves says that in April 1984, Dr. Robert Gallo filed a United States patent application for his invention, the HTLV Virus. The Patent number for the invention is 4647773, details of which can be found at the US Patent Office website.[4]

According to Graves, the scientific evidence is compelling. He says:

”The HIV-AIDS Virus was manufactured as a designer bi-product of the US Special Virus programme. The Special Virus programme was a federal virus development programme that persisted in the United States from 1962 until 1978. Dr. Robert Gallo’s 1971 Special Virus paper reveals that the United States was seeking a “virus particle” that would negatively impact the defence mechanisms of the immune system. The programme sought to modify the genome of the virus particle in which to splice in an animal wasting disease called Visna.” Graves says Dr. Gallo’s 1971 Special Virus paper is identical to his 1984 announcement of AIDS, and in 2001 Dr. Gallo conceded his role as “Project Officer” for the federal virus development programme, the Special Cancer Virus Program.

Graves claims the US Special Cancer Virus was added as a “compliment” by vaccine manufacturer Merck to experimental hepatitis B vaccines given to gay men in New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco; and smallpox vaccines given to blacks in central Africa, during the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Shortly thereafter the world was overwhelmed with mass infections of a human retrovirus that differed from any known human disease, it was highly contagious and it could kill. Boyd Graves now believes that HIV-AIDS is probably an evolutionary, laboratory development of the peculiar Visna Virus, first detected in Icelandic sheep. Graves himself is a graduate of Annapolis US Naval Academy and law school who, in 1992 tested positive for HIV.

“ Today I am hailed as “the Man Who Solved AIDS”, he says. “What many people do not understand is that HIV contains particles of an Icelandic sheep disease, VISNA. It is a man made virus.The Supreme Court case was brought from a lower court that dismissed the origin of AIDS as a frivolous issue. I do not believe anyone in the world considers the origin of AIDS frivolous.”

He claims to have one piece of evidence he’s convinced will force the judge to rule in his favour saying: “If that happens the government will be forced to release all sorts of previously-classified research which proves the real origins of HIV-AIDS. The United States must account to the American people and the people of the world for the U.S. Special Virus Program.”

In a new report, UNAIDS, the United Nation’s joint program on HIV-AIDS, says that an estimated 45 million people worldwide are now living with HIV. UNAIDS executive director Peter Piot said: “Within the first 20 years, 58 million people have become infected and 23 million have been killed by HIV-AIDS.” So, if Boyd E Graves is to be believed, and on June 27^th. he can try to prove his case in the US federal court, it appears that HIV-AIDS may be a virus that has been manufactured and utilised by doctors and scientists with the knowledge and co-operation of the government of the United States of America. If this were to be proved true, two questions emerge. Firstly, for what reason was such a ly virus invented? Secondly, according to all the laws governing the manufacture, development and deployment of biological and chemical weapons, was the invention and use of the HIV-AIDS virus by the United States the first act of mass bio-terrorism the world has witnessed?

This document is available in full ($13AUD) from http://boydgraves.com

Special Virus Cancer Program 1971.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. VIRAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM (VOP) - VIRUS CANCER PROGRAM (VCP)

Page

1. Introduction ................................................………………….……………….1

2. Organization

a. Institute and Division Reorganization ...................…………………..…....1/2

b. Viral Oncology Program (VOP) ..............................………………...…….….2

c. Virus- Cancer Program (VCP)………………..............................………….10

3. Scientific Activities

a. Narrative .............................................……………...…………………… 13 b.

b. Progress Highlights ......................................…………..…………………. 25

4. Projections ............................……………………......….....……………....... 31

5. Reports on Information Exchange Activities, International

Agreements and Meetings Sponsored by the Viral Oncology Program….…35

B. SUMMARY REPORTS’- VIRAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM

1. Offices of the Associate Director

a. Office of Biohazard Safety ............................…………………….... 45 b.

b. Frederick Cancer Research Center ............…………………...........49

2. Laboratory Reports

a. Laboratory of ‘DNA Tumour Viruses ...........................…………….59

b. Laboratory of RNA Tumour Viruses ..........................……………….65

c. Laboratory of Tumour Virus Genetics .......................……………...73

d. Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis .......................………………. 77

C. SUMMARY REPORTS - VIRUS CANCER PROGRAM

1. Collaborative Research Branch

a. Branch Summary .........................................……………………….…87

b. b. Section Summaries and Contract Reports

(1) Breast Cancer Virus Studies ........................…………………88

(2) Clinical Studies ..................................………………………..111

(3) Cocarcinogenesis Studies...........................………………….139

(4) DNA Virus Studies ...................................……………………154

(5) RNA Virus Studies ..................................………………………180

2. Research Resources Summary and Contract Reports ................………………….226

3. Program Management Contract and Grant Reports

a. Contract Reports ..........................................………………………..267

b. b. Cancer Research Emphasis Grants (CREG) ...................………288

APPENDIX A. BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX B. COLLABORATIVE DIRECTORY (including page numbers for individual contract reports)

A. VIRAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM (VOP) - VIRUS CANCER PROGRAM (VCP)

1. Introduction

The Viral Oncology Program (VOP) is responsible for planning and conducting the Institute’s program of coordinated research on the role of viruses in cancer. Scientists within the VOP conduct laboratory investigations and assist in the management of a collaborative program, the Virus Cancer Program (VCP). These Programs have the following goals: (1) to search for viruses or virus genetic information related to the initiation of human cancer;

(2) To elucidate the process by which normal cells become malignant using viruses as probes; and

(3) to develop preventive and therapeutic measures for the control of human cancer.

Since its initiation the Virus Cancer, Program has brought together investigators from around the world to focus their skills on the expansion of knowledge on the oncogenic properties of viruses and their relationship to human neoplasia. The Program has brought visibility to this problem area, resulting in an increased understanding of the nature of the interactions between viruses and cells. It has opened new vistas for biological investigation and has accelerated new developments far beyond its limited scope of activity. An awareness of the value of tumour viruses as tools for the study of biological processes now exists which had not been perceived when the Program was begun. We now know that different viruses can cause cancer in different mammalian species ranging from mice to large domestic animals and monkeys, and that such viruses may be transmitted through germ cells as well as from animal to animal. Highly specific probes have detected virus-related components in human cells. Techniques under development may improve diagnosis and prognosis for certain human cancers.. The practical nature of much of this work was accomplished under this contract Program, first as the Special Virus-Leukaemia Program, then the Special Virus-Cancer Program, and now the Virus Cancer Program.

The yearly budgets from the inception of the Program in 1964 to the present and the number of professional positions are given in Table 1.

2. Organization

a. Institute and Division Reorganization Relating to the VOP/VCP

During Fiscal Year 1978 the new Director of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Arthur Upton, announced plans for a major reorganization of the Institute Three major changes are intended, encompassing the following:

Grant portfolios, and responsibility for their program management, will be transferred from the Division of Cancer Research Resources and Centres (DCRRC) to other NCI divisions that manage similar or related programs; in most cases, relationships of grantees will continue with the same members of the NCI as at present;

Responsibility for all peer review activities, for both grants and contracts, will be transferred from other divisions to the DCRRC;

DCRRC, which will continue to handle the administrative management of grants, will bear total responsibility for establishing policies under which NCI grants and contracts are to be used.

These improvements are designed to:

Bring about more effective integration of scientific and training activities of the NCI:

Bring the organization of NCI more nearly into conformity with the organizational patterns of the other major NIH institutes;

Bring NCI into closer compliance with DHEW requirements for separation of program management from grant and contract administration, and from the peer review of grants and contracts; and

Give grant applications in all program areas an increased opportunity to compete on merit in the total dollar pool.

Actual implementation of the’ planned changes will take some time, and there will naturally be a period of transition and adjustment.

In October 1977, Dr. Upton named Dr. Gregory T. O’Connor as Acting Director, DCCP’, and-in November 1977, Dr. Louis R. Sibal (Deputy Associate Director, Viral Oncology Program) was asked to act as his Special Assistant. In January 1978, Dr. J. D. Moloney, Associate Director, Viral Oncology Program, accepted a position in the Office of the Director, NC-I. Shortly thereafter, Dr.Sibal was named Acting Associate Director, VOP.

In April 1978, Dr. Upton appointed Dr. O’Connor to the permanent position of Director, DCCP. Dr. Sibal continues to serve as Acting Associate Director, VOP and as Special Assistant to Dr. O’Connor.

At the time of writing of this report, organizational changes were beginning to be implemented at Program, Division and Institute levels. A more detailed account of these changes will be presented in next year’s annual report.

b. Viral Oncology Program (VOP)

The intramural and extramural programs of the Division will be administratively separated in the near future and coordinated by the Office of the Director, DCCP. At the time of this writing, however, the Viral Oncology Program (VOP) and the Virus Cancer Program (VCP) were organized as an integrated structure. the Office of the Associate Director, Viral Oncology Program, is presently responsible for the coordination of both the intramural and the collaborative research programs in cancer virology. The Program now has four Laboratories and one Branch. Each of these subdivisions has several sections, as listed in the Summary of Intramural Organization (Page 6). The term “laboratory” is used to describe the major intramural

Subdivisions. The term “branch” refers exclusively to the extramural or collaborative program. The functional statements for each Office, Laboratory and Branch are given below; functional statements for Sections are found in the Laboratory reports. In general, the name of each Laboratory reflects its major research mission.

Functional Statements

Viral Oncology Program.

(1) Plans, directs, coordinates and evaluates a program of basic and applied research on viruses as etiological agents of cancer; (2) establishes program priorities, allocates resources, integrates the projects of the various branches, evaluates program effectiveness, and represents program area in management and scientific decision-making meetings within the Institute; (3) administers research in biochemistry, tumours, genetics, pathology, biohazards, immunology, the environment, and viral and cell biology through intramural laboratories and contracts; (4) advises the Director of the Division and supports the activities of the National- Cancer Advisory Board and other scientific advisory committees.

Office of Biohazard Safety.

Performs research in virology, aerobiology, mammalian physiology, and biochemistry to evaluate the risk to the host when exposed to infectious agents. Develops and recommends equipment and procedures for handling of potentially biohazardous materials and disseminates this information to the interested scientific community throughout the world.

Collaborative Research Branch.

Participates in the planning, development, and scientific administration of a program of collaborative research con ducted within the Virus Cancer Program on viruses as etiologic agents of cancer in man and on the control of tumour viruses and/or their induced diseases. Provides research resources and logistical support to the VOP/VCP.

Laboratory of RNA Tumour Viruses.

Plans and conducts research on the role of endogenous RNA viruses in natural and induced cancers of animals and

man. Develops and applies methods for the prevention and control of cancers by vaccination with RNA viruses and by treatment with inhibitory host cell factors. Studies mechanisms of tumour suppression by chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents.

Laboratory of DNA Tumour viruses.

Plans and conducts. research on DNA viruses to define their role in the development of cancers in animals and man. Develops and applies biological, biochemical, and immunological procedures

to obtain evidence for virus genetic expression in neoplastic cells. Conducts investigations to determine the mechanisms by which cellular gene expression, viral gene expression, and interactions between viruses influence transformation of cells.

Laboratory of Tumour Virus Genetics.

Plans and conducts research to determine the molecular basis for the etiology of cancers. Conducts studies using molecular techniques to detect viral genes responsible for oncogenesis and to prevent their action. Develops assays for detection and characterization of Gene products involved in cellular transformation to malignancy. Elucidates the mechanisms by which the host regulates the expression of oncogenic viruses.

Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis.

Plans and conducts research on virus/host relationships in virus-induced cancers with emphasis on the detection and characterization of oncogenic viruses and the mode of viral transmission in animals and man. Studies the interactions of viral and cellular genes. Studies host immune mechanisms related to the control of virus-induced cancers. Conducts investigations on molecular processes in viral carcinogenesis.

Table 1 FUNDING HISTORY OF THE VIRAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM

Fiscal Year	Number of Positions	In- House	VO Contracts	SVLP	VCP	BCTF	GREG	TOTALS
1964	30	-	4926	-	-	-	-
1965	117	1687	5433	8723	-	-	-	15,843
1966	140	1835	3064	13,556	-	115	-	18,570
1967	144	1999	3137	13,505	-	246	-	18,887
1968	157	2239	-	-	17,241	284	-	19,764
1969	176	2891	-	-	17,985	259	-	21,135
1970	180	3356	-	-	17,340	174	-	20,870
1971	197	4517	-	-	31,591	234	-	36,342
1972	226	6310	-	-	41,889	734	-	48,933
1973	219	6983	-	-	42,564	1006	-	50,553
1974	231	7189	-	-	49,553	1150	-	57,892
1975	229	9395	-	-	49,387	1450	-	60,232
1976	222	10,800	-	-	46,773	1450	967	59,990
1977	234	12,547	-	-	44,450	1450	1800	60,247
1978	234	15,296	-	-	41,171	1450	1800	59,717

Summary of Intramural Organization OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, VIRAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM

Office of Biohazard Safety Biohazards Research Section

Collaborative Research Branch

Breast Cancer Virus Studies Section Clinical Studies Section

Cocarcinogenesis Studies Section

DNA Virus- Studies Section

RNA Virus Studies Section

Laboratory of RNA Tumour Viruses

In Vitro Carcinogenesis Section

Molecular Biology Section

Viral Genetics Section

Viral Immunology ec section -Viral Immunotherapy Section

Virus and Disease Modification Section

Animal Virology and Field Studies Section

Laboratory of DNA Tumour Viruses Cell Physiology Section

Microbiology Section -Virus Tumour Biochemistry Section

Virus Tumour Biology Section

Laboratory of Tumour Virus Genetics Cellular Transformation Section

Molecular Virology Section

Viral Biochemistry Section
Viral Immunogenetics Section
Carcinogenesis Regulation Section
Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis
Cell Biology Section Immunology Section
Tumour Virus Detection Section
Ultrastructural Studies Section
Viral Leukaemia and Lymphoma Section
Viral Pathology Section
Virus Control Section

Intramural Review Committees Viral Oncology Program - Coordinating Committee

Dr. Stuart Aaronson
Dr. James Duff, Acting Chairman

Dr. Peter Fischinger

Dr. Berge Hampar

Dr. David Howell, Executive Dr. Robert Huebner

Dr. Robert Manaker Dr. Jeffrey Schlom Dr. Edward Scolnick Dr. Louis Sibal Dr. George Todaro

Dr. George Vande Woude Secretary

Viral Oncology Program Resources & Logistics Advisory Group
Dr. Jack Gruber, Chairman
Dr. Garrett Keefer, Executive Dr. Clarice Gaylord

Dr. Maurice Guss Dr. Takis Papas Dr. Ernest Plata Dr. John Stephenson Dr. David Troxler Dr. Daniel Twardzik Dr. George Vande Woude Dr. Wilna Woods Secretary

Clinical Advisory Group for Viral Oncology

Dr.	Michael Blaese (DCBD)	Dr. Ronald Herberman (DCBD)
Dr.	Peter Fischinger (DCCP)	Dr. Paul Levine (DCCP) - Chairman
Dr.	Robert Gallo (DCT)	Dr. Franco Muggia (DCT)
Dr.	Sylvan Green (DCCP)	Dr. Alan Rabson (DCBD)
Dr.	Curtis Harris (DCCP)

Contract Specialists (Research Contracts Branch)

* Mr.	William Caulfield	Mr.	Jacque Labovitz
Mr.	James Doyle	Mr.	J. Thomas Lewin
Mr.	Charles Fafard	Mr.	Thomas Porter
**Mr.	Sidney Jones	Mr.	Clyde Williams

*Chairman

**Deputy Chair

Virus Cancer Program Scientific Review Committee

Dr. David Bishop, University of Alabama in Birmingham (Birmingham, AL) * Dr. Paul Black, Massachusetts General Hospital.

Dr. George Blumenschein, University of Texas Systems Cancer Ctr (Houston, TX Dr. Ronald Glaser, Ohio State University Dr. Peter Gomatos, Sloan-Kettering Institute (New York, NY)

Dr. Adeline Hackett, Peralta Cancer Research Institute (Oakland, CA) Dr. Jacob Holper, Litton Bionetics, Inc. (Kensington, MD)

Dr. Albert Kaplan, Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) Dr. Miriam Lieberman, Stanford University (Stanford, CA)

Dr”. Frank Lilly, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Bronx, NY) Dr. Diana Lopez, University of Miami (Miami, FL)

Dr. Robert McAllister, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA)

Dr. Daniel Medina, Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX)

Dr. Garth Nicolson, University of California (Irvine, CA) Dr. Gary Pearson,Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN)

Dr. Malcolm Pike, USC School of Medicine:(Los Angeles, CA)
Dr. William Rawls, McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA) Dr. Marvin Rich, Michigan Cancer Foundation (Detroit, MI)

Dr. Charles Rickard, Cornell University (Ithaca, NY)
Dr: Phillips Robbins,-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA)
Dr. William Summers, Yale University School of Medicine (New Haven, CT)
Dr. Arthur Weissbach, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology (Nutley, NJ)
Dr. Adel Yunis, University of Miami (Miami, FL)
Dr. Clarice Gaylord, NCI, NIH (Executive Secretary)
Dr. Maurice Guss, NCI, NIH (Executive Secretary)
Dr. Wilna Woods, NCI, NIH (Executive Secretary)

CONSULTANTS (October 1, 1977 - September 30, 1978)

Dr. Ervin Adams, Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX)
Dr. Ralph Arlinghaus, University of Texas (Houston, TX) Dr. Carlo Croce, Wistar Institute (Philadelphia, PA)

Dr. Etienne de Harven, Memorian Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY)
Dr. Ervin Fleissner, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research (New York, NY)’ Dr. Murray Gardner, University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA)

Dr. Peter Gerone, Delta Regional Primate Center (Covington, LA)
Dr. Raymond Gilden, Litton Bionetics, Inc. (Frederick, MD)

Dr. Anthony Girardi, Institute for Medical Research

Dr. Maurice Green, St. Louis University (St. Louis, MO)

Dr. Thomas Hakala, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA)
Dr. Elizer Hueberman, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN)
Dr. Herbert Lazarus, Sidney Farber Cancer Center (Boston, MA)

Dr. Richard Lerner, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation (La Jolla, CA) Dr. Harvey Rabin, Litton Bionetics, Inc. (Frederick, MD)

Dr. Richard Steeves, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Bronx, NY)
Dr.. Robert Weinberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA)
Dr. Lauren Wolfe, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center (Chicago, IL)

c. The Virus Cancer Program (VCP)

Background. At the present time the Virus Cancer Program is administered by the Collaborative Research Branch with five Sections: the Breast Cancer Virus Studies Section; the Clinical Studies Section; the Cocarcinogenesis Studies Section; the DNA Virus Studies Section; and the RNA Virus Studies Section. Virus-cancer contracts are managed by the heads of each Section under the general supervision of the Branch Chief, the Associate Chief, and the Office of the Associate Director; Section heads do not conduct intramural research.

The VCP Advisory Committee, formerly charged with responsibility for providing advice on overall Program direction, was dissolved during 1978 at the direction of the Secretary, as part of an effort to reduce the number and size of standing committees in the Department. VCP Scientific Review Committee B was also abolished as a result of the same effort; its functions were transferred to the VCP Scientific Committee, a streamlined continuation of the former VCP Scientific Review Committee A, It is anticipated that this committee may be merged with the Carcinogenesis Scientific Review Committee to form the Cause and Prevention Review Committee.

Review of Contracts.

The following is an outline of the methods used until very recently for the review of research contracts. It is included in this report since many of these procedures were followed until October 1, 1978, when the reorganization of the Division was to be completed. At that time, new procedures were to be instituted. It should also be pointed out that contracts presently engaged in basic research are expected to be gradually phased out in coming years and their support transferred to the grants area of the DCCP if appropriate.

Projects within the total Program are reviewed at many levels:

(1) Each contract is reviewed for relevance, priority and need to the total Program by the Virus Cancer Program Coordinating Committee (VCPCC). This committee composed of members of the Office of the Associate Director, the Collaborative Research Branch, and senior intramural investigators, reviews solicited and unsolicited proposals received by the Program. Consensus is obtained by open vote and priority is established by scoring on secret ballot.

(2) Each contract is reviewed for scientific excellence and technical competence by the Scientific Review Committee. This committee, composed entirely of non-NCI scientists, operates entirely under the regulations set forth by the OMB, DHEW, NIH, and NCI, with Executive Secretaries who are responsible for the review and complete documentation of each project.

(3) Each contract is continually monitored for performance by (a) the Collaborative Research Branch; (b) CRB Section Heads; (c) Project Officer(s). Project Officers are intramural senior laboratory investigators who serve as advisers to principal investigators on scientific matters.

For the complete document visit http://boydgraves.com/order/order.html

A history of US secret human experimentation

1931	Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells. He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian hospital patients.
1932	The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die from syphilis, their families never told that they could have been treated.
1935	The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from Pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occured within poverty-stricken black populations.
1940	Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this American study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.
1942	Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue until 1945 and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.
1943	In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S. begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.
1944	U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing. Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas and lewisite.
1945	Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top secret government projects in the United States.
1945	"Program F" is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health effects of fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride, it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous system but much of the information is squelched in the name of national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine full-scale production of atomic bombs.
1946	Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to change the word "experiments" to "investigations" or "observations" whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's veteran's hospitals.
1947	Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive substances to human subjects.
1947	The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and without their knowledge.
1950	Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical problems and mortality rates.
1950	In an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city would be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring devices are situated throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
1951	Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is concern that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.
1953	U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulphide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.
1953	Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.
1953	CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research program designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that would be used for mind control and behaviour modification. Six of the subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.
1955	The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn from the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.
1955	Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research, studying its potential use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More than 1,000 Americans participate in the tests, which continue until 1958.
1956	U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever over Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents posing as public health officials test victims for effects.
1958	LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army's Chemical Warfare Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.
1960	The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing of the European population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing of the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.
1965	Project CIA and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through the use of mind-altering drugs.
1965	Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen all along.
1966	CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.
1966	U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.
1967	CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and chemical weapons.
1968	CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington, D.C.
1969	Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.
1970	Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under H.R. 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised that molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like retroviruses.
1970	United States intensifies its development of "ethnic weapons" (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences and variations in DNA.
1975	The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) It is here that the U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses, initiates a special virus cancer program. It is also here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukaemia Virus).
1977	Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239 populated areas had been contaminated with biological agents between 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.
1978	Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
1981	First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine
1985	According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and evolutionary relationship.
1986	According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share all structural elements, except for a small segment that is nearly identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural immunity exists.
1986	A report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic engineering to change immunological character and prevent treatment by all existing vaccines.
1987	Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research and development of biological agents, it continues to operate research facilities at 127 facilities and universities around the nation.
1990	More than 1500 six-month old black and Hispanic babies in Los Angeles are given an "experimental" measles vaccine that had never been licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine being injected to their children was experimental.
1994	With a technique called "gene tracking," Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD from the Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of Mycoplasma incognitus, a microbe commonly used in the production of biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been man-made.
1994	Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for at least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds of thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals, hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War.
1995	U.S. Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals and scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological warfare research.
1995	Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX and Boca Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections.
1996	Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed to chemical agents.
1997	Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter demanding an investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome. source from http://www.healthnewsnet.com/humanexperiments.html

Text Box: The History of the Development of AIDS
Chapter Excerpt from “State Origin: The Evidence of the Laboratory Birth of AIDS”
by Boyd E. Graves, J.D.

The true history of the origin of AIDS can be traced throughout the 20th Century and back to 1878. On April 29 of that year the United States passed a “FEDERAL QUARANTINE ACT”.

The United States began a significant effort to investigate “causes” of epidemic diseases. In 1887, the effort was enhanced with the mandate of the U.S. “LABORATORY OF HYGIENE”. This lab was run by Dr. Joseph J. Kinyoun, a deep rooted-racist, who served the eugenics movement with dedication.

Two years later, 1889, we were able to identify “mycoplasmas”, a transmissible agent, that is now found at the heart of human diseases, including (AIDS) HIV.

In 1893, we strengthened the Federal Quarantine Act and suddenly there was an explosion of polio.

In 1898, we knew we could use mycoplasma to cause epidemics, because we were able to do so in cattle, and we saw it in tobacco plants.

In 1899, the U.S. Congress began investigating “leprosy in the United States”.

In 1902, We organized a “Station for Experimental Evolution” and we were able to identify diseases of an ethnic nature.

In 1904, we used mycoplasma to cause an epidemic in horses.

In 1910, we used mycoplasma to cause an epidemic in fowl/birds.

In 1917, we formed the “Federation of the American Society for Experimental Biology” (FASEB).

In 1918, the influenza virus killed millions of unsuspecting. It was a flu virus modified with a bird mycoplasma for which human primates had no “acquired immunity”.

In 1921, lead eugenics philosopher, Betrand Russell, publicly supported the “necessity for “organized” plagues” against the Black population.

In 1931, we secretly tested African Americans and we tested AIDS in sheep.

In 1935, we learned we could crystallize the tobacco mycoplasma, and it would remain infectious.

In 1943, we officially began our bio-warfare program. Shortly thereafter, we were finding our way to New Guinea to study mycoplasma in humans.

In 1945, we witnessed the greatest influx of foreign scientists in history into the U.S. biological program. Operation Paperclip will live in infamy as one of the darkest programs of a twisted parallel government fixated on genocide.

In 1946, the United States Navy hired Dr. Earl Traub, a notorious racist biologist.
A May appropriations hearing confirms the existence of a “secret” biological weapon.

In 1948, we know that the United States confirmed the endorsement of “devising a scheme” in which to address the issue of overpopulation in certain racial groups. State Department’s George McKennan’s memo will forever illuminate the eugenics mendacity necessary for genocide of millions of innocent people.

In 1949, Dr. Bjorn Sigurdsson isolates the VISNA virus. Visna is man made and shares some “unique DNA” with HIV. See, Proceedings of the United States, NAS, Vol. 92, pp. 3283 - 7, (April 11, 1995).

In 1951, we now know our government conducted its first virus attack on African Americans. Crates in Pennsylvania were tainted to see how many Negro crate handlers in Virginia would acquire the placebo virus.. They were also experimentally infecting sheep and goats. According to author Eva Snead, they also held their first world conference on an AIDS-like virus.

In 1954, Dr. Bjorn Sigurdsson publishes his first paper on Visna virus and establishes himself as the “Grandfather of the AIDS virus.” He will encounter competition from Dr. Carlton Gajdusek.

In 1955, they were able to artificially assemble the tobacco mosaic virus. Mycoplasmas will forever be at the heart of the U.S. biological warfare program

In 1957, future U.S. president, Rep Gerald Ford and others gave the U.S. Pentagon permission to aggressively deploy offensive biological agents. There are no recorded cases of AIDS prior to the 1957 creation of “Special Operation-X.” (The SOX) program served as the immediate prototype program for the Special Virus program to begin in 1962.

By 1960, Nikita Kruschev had been let in on the biological weapon. His 1960 statement will long reflect the arrogance of the secret blend of communism and democracy. The two countries would go to a November 1972 agreement to cull the Black Population.

In 1961, scientist Haldor Thomar publishes that viruses cause cancer. In 1995, he and Carlton Gajdusek informed the National Academy of Sciences that “the study of visna in sheep would be the best test for candidate anti-HIV drugs.”

In 1962, under the cover of cancer research, the United States charts a path to commit premeditated murder, the “Special Virus” program begins on February 12th. Dr. Len Hayflick sets up a U.S. mycoplasma laboratory at Stanford University. Many believe the “Special Virus” program began in November 1961 with a Phizer contract.

Beginning in 1963 and for every year thereafter, the “Special Virus” program conducted annual progress reviews at Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA. The annual meetings are representative of the aggressive nature in which the United States pursued the development of AIDS.

In 1964, the United States Congress gave full support for the leukemia/lymphoma (AIDS) virus research.

In 1967, the National Academy of Sciences launched a full scale assault on Africa. The CIA (Technical Services Division) acknowledged its secret inoculator program.

In 1969, Fort Detrick told world scientists and the Pentagon asked for more money, they knew they could make AIDS. Nixon’s July 18 secret memo to Congress on “Overpopulation” serves as the start of the paper trail of the AIDS Holocaust.

In 1970, President Nixon signed PL91-213 and John D. Rockefeller, III became the “Population Czar.” Nixon’s August 10 National Security Memo leaves no doubt as to the genocidal nature of depopulation.

In 1971, Progress Report #8 is issued. The flowchart (pg. 61) will forever resolve the true laboratory birth origin of AIDS. Eventually the Special Virus program will issue 15 reports and over 20,000 scientific papers. The flowchart links every scientific paper, medical experiment and U.S. contract. The flowchart would remain “missing” until 1999. World scientists were stunned. The flowchart will gain in significance throughout the 21st Century. It is also clear the experiments conducted under Phase IV-A of the flowchart are our best route to better therapy and treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS. The first sixty pages of progress report #8 of the Special Virus program prove conclusively the specific goal of the program. By June 1977, the Special Virus program had produced 15, 000 gallons of AIDS. The AIDS virus was attached as complement to vaccines sent to Africa and Manhattan. However, because of the thoroughness of authors, like Dr. Robert E. Lee, we also learn the Stanford Mycoplasma Laboratory issues one of the first papers with AIDS in the title. “Viral Infections in Man Associated with Acquired Immunological Deficiency States.” The primary scientist, Dr. Thomas Merigan, was a “consultant” to the Special Virus program.

Progress Report # 8 at 104 - 106 proves Dr. Robert Gallo was secretly working on the development of AIDS with full support of the sector of the U.S. government that seeks to kill its citizens. Dr. Gallo can not explain why he excluded his role as a “project officer” for the Special Virus program from his biographical book. Dr. Gallo’s early work and discoveries will finally be viewed in relation to the flowchart. We now know where every experiment fits into the flowchart. The “research logic” is irrefutable evidence of a federal “Manhattan-style project” to develop a “contagious” cancer that “selectively” kills. Dr. Gallo’s 1971 paper is identical to his 1984 AIDS announcement.

Progress Report #8 at 273 - 286 proves we gave AIDS to monkeys. Since 1962, the United States and Dr. Robert Gallo have been inoculating monkeys and re-releasing them back into the wild. Thus, even government scientists are baffled that both HIV-1 and HIV-II would “suddenly emerge” from two distinct monkey ancestral relatives during the last 100 years. A 1999 Japanese study will ultimately prove the Man to Monkey origin of Monkey AIDS. The monkey experiments summary definitively proves Monkey AIDS is also man-made.

In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union entered into a biological agreement that would signal the death knell for the Black Population. The 1972 agreement for collaboration and cooperation in the development of offensive biological agents is still U. S. policy.

In 1973, we find that world scientist, Garth Nicolson reports on his project, “Role of the Cell Surface in Escape From Immunological Surveillance.” His report is accompanied by seven published papers. Dr. Nicolson worked in conjunction with the Special Virus program from 1972 until 1978. Dr. Nicolson is considered by some to be Dr. Gallo’s “West Coast” counterpart. It is strongly held that because of Dr. Nicolson, Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier would secretly meet in Southern California to coordinate what they would and would not say about the special virus development program.

In 1974, Furher Henry Kissinger releases his NSSM-200 (U.S. Plan to Address Overpopulation). It is the only issue of discussion at the World Population Conference in Bucharest, Romania. The men in the shadows had won, the whole world agrees to secretly cull Africa’s population. Today it is Africa and other undesirables. Tomorrow it may be you.

In 1975, President Gerald Ford signs National Security Defense Memorandum #314. The United States implements the Kissinger NSSM-200.

In 1976, the United States issues Progress Report #13 of the Special Virus program. The report proves the United States had various international agreements with the Russians, Germans, British, French, Canadians and Japanese. The plot to kill Black people has wide international support. In March, the Special Virus began production of the AIDS virus, by June 1977, the program will have produced 15,000 gallons of AIDS. President Jimmy Carter allows for the continuation of the secret plan to cull the Black Population.

In 1977, Dr. Robert Gallo and the top Soviet Scientists meet to discuss the proliferation of the 15,000 gallons of AIDS. They attach AIDS as complement to the Small pox vaccine for Africa, and the “experimental” hepatitis B vaccine for Manhattan. According to authors June Goodfield and Alan Cantwell, it is Batch #751 that was administered in New York to thousands of innocent people. This government will never be able to repay the people for the social rape, humiliation and out right prejudice people with HIV/AIDS face on a daily basis. The men in the shadows of the AIDS curtain accurately calculated that you would not care if only Blacks and gays are dying. In fact you don’t care that nearly a half million Gulf War veterans are encumbered with something contagious. Soon there will be no more Black people and a confused military, older White people will start suddenly dying and you still won’t get it. Be here now for us, give us a chance to be there for you.

Suddenly, just as President Nixon had predicted, there was explosive death. On November 4, 1999, the U.S. White House announced,.... “Within a period as short as five years, all new infections of HIV in the United States will be African American....” At some point our experts must be allowed to begin the interface process of allowing the history of this virus program to count. It is ludicrous and preposterous to fail to review the U.S. virus program in which to elucidate the etiology of AIDS.

More of the history of the secret virus program can be found in the archives of Dr. John B. Moloney. A review of the files under Dr. Moloney’s name would further pinpoint additional dates and records consistent with one of the greatest hunts, capture and proliferation of disease in the history of the human race. We have found the missing link. It is the guts of the research logic of a federal program that seeks to kill. We have found a curtain of AIDS. We can identify some of the people who work in the shadows of the curtain. Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Garth Nicolson must lead us in review. In light of the attack mechanisms available in which to inhibit AIDS, it is time that not another person be stricken with this relic, synthetic mycoplasma chimera.

Help those of us who are still here to realize full and contributory lives. We are all one people.

On September 28, 1998 I filed suit against the United States for the “creation”, “production” and “proliferation” of AIDS. On November 7, 2000, the appeals court agreed with the lower court and held AIDS bioengineering as “frivolous.” The world continues to wait for the court to rule on the resubmitted issues. The court can not continue to simply brush aside our experts and the government’s flowchart.

I have been asked to give my perspective with regard to the federal program MK-NAOMI . MK-NAOMI is the code for the development of AIDS. The “MK” portion stands for the two co-authors of the AIDS virus, Robert Manaker and Paul Kotin. The “NAOMI” portion stands for “Negroes are Only Momentary Individuals.” The U.S. government continues to orchestrate silence from the very top echelons of the Congress and military. At present there is no accountability. The good people will ultimately create a tsunami of public outrage. We can not allow the state an autocratic right to govern outside of the Constitution. Our society is structured to hide crimes committed by the state, while punishing citizens for minor indiscretions. Their strategy focuses on the general confusion they can create via manipulation of the media. They are very good at what they do. We must become more focused in our continued presentation of the flowchart. The flowchart is the absolute missing link in proving the existence of a coordinated research program to develop a cancer virus that depletes the immune system. New diseases do not create old illnesses.

This compilation of court documents and correspondence is the true effort of one man’s achievement in solving the mystery of the origin of AIDS. We have found the origin of AIDS, it is us.